Publius Virgilius Maro Essay Example for Free

Publius Virgilius Maro EssayAside from Christianity at that place is no other force that shape western civilization other than the Greco-Roman enculturation. And there is no better representation of that period in narration other than capital of Italy and Publius Viirgilius Maro, too known as Virgil. A closer examination of Virgil and his kit and caboodle make many to realize that Virgil was a byproduct of events and it is the twin forces of the Roman Empire and Hellenic history that prompted Virgil to write. This paper allow look into the two factors that influenced the writing of Publius Virgilius Maro. This toilette be d single by smell first at the events that transpired before Virgil began writing and this doer tracing back Hellenic and Roman history. The minute of arc way of knowing the connection between history and Virgils writings is to dig into his works and of course this means analyzing the Aeneid. It will be shown later that it is Roman history and kor that shaped Virgil to become the writer that he was destined to be. capital of Italy After to a strikinger extent than two thousand historic period the world is still magnetise by capital of Italy. It is because of its legacy, it military prowess, and form of giving medication. capital of Italy was without equal when it comes to how it help shape Western history.Yet in the early days of Roman history there is not much to see. There is nothing that could win an outsider ascertain its potential to be a dominant ruler of known world in antiquity. Ting Morris traced its early ripening in obscurity and he re kissered, Rome began around 2,800 years ago as a few sm both garnishtlements on wooded hills overlooking the Tiber River (4). merely then Rome began to distance itself from the Latin communities from which it was supposed to be a part of. What happens next began a series of development that will catapult this sm al unneurotic community into the world map, the roman Republic conquered first Latium, then all of Italy.The Romans annexed much foreign territory to their own state, but they also attained a dodge of alliances with all other states. This gave the Romans a vast reserve of manpower that allowed them to overthrow every major power in the Mediterranean (Mackay, 40). A new age has come and a new military superpower was born. except when the Romans began to assimilate remnants of Alexanders Empire, the new European power came face to face with an ancient civilization whose cleverness into religion, politics, and philosophy was outlying(prenominal) ahead of its time. In short the Romans, recognize something in Greek culture that was more impressive than anything Rome itself achieved, in spite of Romes unprecedented military success (Cox). At this point Rome was all brute force. Yes the soldiers led by the Caesars were brave, strong and argon very eager to make their mark in the battlefield but when it comes to culture, the Romans were barbari ans compared to the Greeks. The Romans discovered an effective methodology in fighting wars and they even had the decided advantage of knowing how to build an empire out of disparate tribes and nations.They were experts in campaigns that require traveling far from home and yet they lack whizz more thing. They did not befool a good system that can be put in place afterwards victory. This is similar to the idea that it is easy to kill a war but the more difficult thing to do is how to end it. So when Rome began to feel the success of empire building the more that they felt the need for a way of deportment that will enhance their reputation in Europe while at the same time scissure them an opportunity to enjoy purport more. They found the answer from the sophisticated Greeks.Virgil The Romans had to learn from the Greeks and their history can be characterized not only by empire building but also by the why they incarnate Greek thought and the Greeks way of life into their own unique system. straightaway there is n bingle better who beneathstood the need for assimilating Greek culture than the Roman intellectuals of that time. In fact, Among the adaptors of Greek culture, none was more brilliant than the poet Virgil. He faced a formidable challenge. Everyone who encountered Greek culture recognized how much it was shaped by Homer (Cox).This means that there is a great need to eliminate Homer and if this is not possible then at least equal Homers genius. If this can be achieved then the Romans had done something which other Greek imitators failed to do and that is to provide a great account statement for their existence. A myth has to be pissd, a legend has to be made and the purpose for such an movement is obvious. There is a need for something that will hold the empire together. At the time of writing the Aeneid, Rome was again in the cusp of revolution.Julius Caesar was defeated by Augustus Caesar and so steps must be made to consolidate his powe r and to strengthen the arm of the new emperor. For a brilliant man like Virgil, multiplication like this one is an opportunity that must be grabbed by both hands. Virgil proceeded to hit two birds with one stone. First he would write an epic that will explain the origins of Rome. He will do so by using stories that are already familiar among the people that he wants to see linkd under Augustus Caesar and during that time there was no other story quite like the one weaved by Homer centuries before.Virgil saw that epic shin for good and evil battles between grinderes and the self-sacrificial behavior of some heroes simply because they conceptualise in something higher than themselves proved to be a formula hard to resist. Virgil was ready to accept the challenge. But it is pull ahead from the beginning that it would not be an easy task. Aside from that Homer is a world unto itself. And as they say there is no way one can improve on perfection, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the b lueprints for creating great epics and so what else can be done to make it better.Virgil was able to solve this problem by universe inventive and by starting where Homer ended his story. When Troy fell, one of her sons went on to build another(prenominal) kingdom. But then again Virgil cannot escape the past. Virgil could not resist using a successful formula. As they say there is no need to fix what was broken. Judging from the power of the Iliad and the Odyssey to move people it is close out(predicate) not to use the same method and technique of telling a great story. And so Virgil copied many ideas from Homer. In the introduction to the Aeneid Levi Robert pointed out thatVirgil borrowed from Homer a great many items his verse form, the stratum into twelve books, mythology, many episodes and similes. In the Aeneid Venus doubles for Nausicaa, Dido for Calypso and Circe, and Drances for Thersites. The funeral games the desecent into Hades, where Aeneas meets Dido as Odysseus met Ajax, the prophecy of Anchises, the catalogue of ships, Turnus feat to burn them, a broken truce a quarrel of two Italian leaders and a final single combat (Robert, xiii). Aeneid The Aeneid is basically the story of Aeneas, the god-like leader of a band of Trojan refugees fleeing to Italy after the fall of Troy.In the beginning, Aeneas built a fleet with the goal in mind of settling in a foreign land and to finally establish a new nation of Trojans. In Virgils mind, he wanted the world to see the basis for the establishment of the Roman Empire. And there is nothing as perfect as that. Hornstein, Percy and Browns book, The Readers Companion to World Literature, was very right-hand in understanding the context from which Virgils Aeneid was write, and they said that it was written at a time of conflict. Italy was ravaged by more than fifty years of revolution and civil war.When the long-sought peace came, a new form of government was fashioned from a battle weary nation. And with the new set-up, ultimate power was in the hands of one man- Augustus Caesar. It was during this time that the Roman Virgil began working on the Aeneid. Hornstein, Brown and Percy wrote Vergil began the poem in 29 B. C. , two years after the battle of Actium brought this period of civil war to an end. He had long been preparing for the task. His purpose was national he desired to glorify the Roman people by his theme and exalt the Emperor in the somebody of his hero. (5)Homer Putnam acknowledge that Virgil is under the towering shadow of Homer when he made this judgment, Homer himself, against whose innate insights into humanity, Virgils own achievement will always be measured. Homers success allowed him to set the standard upon which others who will come after him will be forced to measure up. Allen Mandelbaum tells of how his previous record prevented him from fully appreciating Virgils works and he said, One was a tag line of mark train Doren that echoed through my youth with tenacious resonance Homer is a world Virgil, a style. It also did not help that the critics saw Virgil as write Homer, Gaskell said, The overall plan of Virgils epic was manifestly Homeric, with its main elements reversed now the odyssey of the man comes first and the armed fighting follows it but the Homeric parallels are many and obvious. (161). The only major dispute was that Homer was illiterate and therefore had to express the beauty of his verse line in oral reform. On the other hand Virgil was literate and he could study Homers Iliad and Odyssey in written form as well as compose his own epic and was able to write it down.This explains the difference in style but all the more strengthens the view that Virgil was strongly influenced by Homer. Conclusion Now the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall down into its proper places and one can now see the large picture. It was mentioned earlier that it was in 168 BC when the Romans began to conquer the remnants of Alexanders Emp ire and it is through the conquest of former Greek states that the Romans saw first hand the beauty that was Greece. In short the highly militaristic Romans lacked the cultural refinements that one can find in abundance in Greek societies.It is through the process of incorporating Greek culture into the Romans way of life that they rediscovered the power of Homeric poetry. It took the genius of Virgil to use Homers works and use it as the origination for his own epic. And so in 29 BC Virgil began writing the Aeneid with the purpose of emulating what Homer has achieved in Greece. Homers Iliad and Odyssey provided a sense of identity for all Greeks and Virgil was hoping to achieve the same results. But the desire to incorporate Greek life into Roman life is easier said than done.But everyone who will try to copy from someone begins by copying almost everything that one can see and the eye can appreciate. For instance the Romans copied the design of their temples and they also set fo rth their gods using the same attributes found in Greek society. But there is no need to disturbance because the Roman changed the Greek sounding names of their gods into Roman names for their statues. Virgil attempted to accomplish two major things when he wrote the Aeneid.He wanted to impress the new emperor (Augustus Caesar) and secondly he wanted to have a unique Roman epic that will help unite the people. Virgil was successful in achieving both. The hero of the Aeneid was behaving in much the same way as Augustus Caesar especially with regards to his conquest and the subsequent creation of a new nation out of that sheer determination to succeed. Now for the second part, Virgil was also able to create an epic that can be comparable to Homer. It is true that he copied many things from Homer and yet at the same time his stories were never simply a rehash of what Homer did.Virgil simply needed an brainchild to get going and he found it in the character of Aeneas whom Homer briefl y mentioned in his work. From this midget known character, Aeneid began to build a story that made the peoples pulse to race. It was indeed an epic story of battles, of struggle between good and evil, of heroes who most of the time failed to achieve their potential and sometimes die a sad death. The Aeneid is basically an explanation as to the existence of Rome. For many there is a need to have that soma of idea, that kind of emotional anchor in times of trouble.And there is no way to fully understand the impact of Aeneid towards the people of Rome. But one thing is sure Virgils work was able to unite the whole of the empire and is instrumental as to why the empire endured for so long. It is now very clear that that Virgil was influenced by historical events and the circumstances that surrounded his life. If there were two streams where these influences came from then Homer is a in good order source of inspiration while the politics and warfare in ancient Rome provided Virgil wi th more materials to use.In Romes struggle to carve out a nation in Europe was unadorned in Aeneid where the hero had to travel and faced with numerous risks just so he can establish a new nation. It was Homer who provided much influence for Virgil. If Homer did not produce the Iliad and Odyssey it is hard to consider Virgil able to make his own. This is not to take away anything form the accomplishments of Virgil but it would be almost impossible for him to write beautifully without Homer as guide. Homer did not only provide the seed from which Virgil will grow a powerful story, Homer also provided the correct format.And so putting it all together it is now very clear that Virgil was a byproduct of the events that surrounded him. Yet even before he was born, Homers influence and genius was already felt in many parts of the Western world. When Virgil was still very young it is easy to imagine that he was already familiar with the Iliad and Odyssey and no head the stories found in those epics help to shape the way he thinks.Works CitedAppelbaum, Stanley. Ed. The Aeneid by Vergil Trans. Charles J. Billson. Canada Dover Publications, 1995. Cox, John. entree to Virgil, The Aeneid. 2008. General Education at Hope College. 03 April 2008. http//www. hope. edu/academic/ids/171/Aeneid. html Gaskell, Philip. Ed. Landmarks in Classical Literature loot Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Hemminger, Bill. Exploring Ancient World Cultures Rome. 1997. EAWC at University of Evansville. 02 April 2008. http//eawc. evansville. edu/ropage. htm Hornstein, L. H. , G. D. Percy, and Calvin S. Brown. Eds. The Readers Companion to WorldLiterature New York Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1973. Knight, G. R. Wilson. Trans. The Aeneid by Virgil New York Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1956. Mackay, Christopher. Ancient Rome A Military and Political History. New York Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mandelbaum, Allen. Trans. The Aeneid by Virgil calcium University of California Press, 1971. Morford, Mark P. O. and Robert J. Lenardon. Classical Mythology 7th ed. New York Oxford University Press, 2003. Morris, Ting. Ancient Rome. MN Smart Apple Media, 2007.

Internet Cafe Administration and Monitoring System Essay Example for Free

lucre coffee bar Administration and Monitoring System Essay meshing cafes are genuinely abundant nowadays. Managing networked computers, payment, while in and time out of the client PCs are actually important especially to the cafe owner or employee. In a computer cafe, the recording of time is under the responsibility of the cafe owner or employee who must work consistently, timely, efficiently and patiently to leave his commerce work. Since formation computerization is becoming a trend, the cafe owner needs a system to serve its customers better and efficiently.How will an Administration and Monitoring System for Ledion Internet and Networking Cafe help the business manage the client pc start and end quantify efficiently and accurately? Ledion Internet Networking Cafe have their existing computerized system but is non reliable enough because there are times when the server automatically locks the client pc even when the time was not finished which the owner/employee was compel to write the time starts and ends of the client pcs in a hard copy of MS Excel sheet. Since the Ledion Internet Networking Cafe have its 3 branches. The main branch is located in 10th Avenue, Caloocan City abutting Caloocan City Hall the other 2 branches are situated near Our Lady of Fatima University and University of Santo Tomas. The owner was not well-informed of what is happening in his other cafes unless he calls the employees in charge in other branches. It is very beneficial for the owner to solve the common problems they encounter on their everyday operation in the cafe.

Associate Level Material Essay Example for Free

Associate Level Material EssayIntroductionDue in Week One Give an overview of the company and the security goals to be achieved.1 Company overviewAs relates to your selected scenario, moderate a brief 100- to 200-word overview of the company.Sunica Music and Movies is a multimedia corporation that currently has foursome locations. Due to hole-and-corner(a) inventory, no internet commerce, and other factors they have been losing more and more customers. By set up a demented, they exit be able to defend track of their inventory better. They entrust also be able to keep their finances in order. There are also plans to make it where people can order online. In the end the company is going to make true that their network is fully functional for all four stores, be secure for their customers, and protect all the assets of the company with a proper plan and proper security.2 security measures policy overviewOf the different types of security policiesprogram-level, program-fram ework, Issue-specific, and system-specificbriefly cover which type is appropriate to your selected business scenario and why.I feel that bulge specific would be the proper system to use for this company. The problems they have are restoration specific and can be solved by addressing specific issues. By fixing each issue seprately, they testament be able to become the safe and reliable company they want to be.3 Security policy goalsAs applies to your selected scenario, explain how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability principles of information security will be addressed by the information security policy.1 Confidentiality curtly explain how the policy will protect information.By installing a WAN, Sunica makes sure that the inforamtion stays within the company itself. That make it more difficult for hackers to infiltrate their system.2 IntegrityGive a brief overview of how the policy will provide rules for authentication and verification. Include a description of formal methods and system transactions.This system will make sure that their is no unauthorized admission charge to any of the information. It will also keep logs to where if anything does go wrong they can pinpoint exactly where and when it happened. It will also stay updated to the point where there wont be any unneccesary issues.3 AvailabilityBriefly describe how the policy will address system back-up and recovery, access control, and tint of service.By having a WAN the company will maintain all control of their system. Which will make backup of the system easier. And it will also allow them to be able to recover anything lost with more ease. And finally it allows tem to make sure that everything stays up to date so that the material will always be accesible and at the highest quality possible.ReferencesCite all your references by adding the pertinent information to this section by following this example.American mental Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psycholo gical Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC Author.

When Socrates meets Confucius Essay Example for Free

When Socrates meets Confucius EssayWhen Confucius met SocratesIt is world-renowned that Confucius and Socrates are the top-ranking philosophers. They are both authorities in their own field of their countries. Nevertheless, there have been some arguments about the conflicts between the Chinese polish and Western thoughts. Speaking of the differences between the Chinese and the west, there must be some reasons for it. Initially, in my book, the conflicts fore from the different history. We all know that European civilization consists of immigration culture, that is to say, Europe is a mixture of wad around the world and diverse customs. Wildness is their nature. Another factor I reckon attributing to the differences is the different tone styles they lead. For instance, it is plain to see that people in Europe often go traveling or camping site with their family, even if they have to loan. Hence, enjoying the present may be their first choice. Chinese, on the contrary, can wo rk diligently first in order to make enough money and enjoy their life. See, heres the difference. So, what should be our attitudes towards the conflicts?From my perspective, we can learn part of the western culture. Cuz we know that the world is becoming increasingly globalizing, so, we need to boom our culture to catch up with the western culture. Meanwhile, we ought to spread our culture to the world. Since we have splendid culture, we are make to make it known to others. No matter whether it is Confucius or Socrates, what we need to do is to treat them objectively and equally. And thats my opinions about the topic. Thanks.

Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs Essay Example for Free

Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs renderManaging and developing intellectual capital in many of todays organizations is becoming the greatest asset. contrasting firms of different sizes operating in different sectors are seeking a way of performing this get a line effectively and expeditiously. Among the different tools under considerations, many consider Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software packages meaty tools to effectively manage, retain and share friendship among stakeholders at tout ensemble echelons. ERP implementation causes changes to the receiving organization given its width and integrity.As a result challenges which results into additional risks and realization of new opportunities arise and proper action mustiness be taken to avert or reinforce the challenge for better results. ERP solution dust is as an opportunity for bloodline entities whether small or heroic to use software employments that are specifically knowing to upgrade the va rious business functions and attain the best business practices (Markus and Tanis, 2000, Marnewick and Labuschagne, 2005).Effective implementation of ERP software applications ensures that the major functional parts of a business enterprise are linked together in a common amalgamated software system (Sandoe et al, 2001, Rao 2000). This process makes it possible for the business activities to be instigated more efficiently and cooperation among the workers becomes more effective through the interactive information system. The process of implementing ERP in Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs) is harry with extra challenges and opportunities repayable to their specialty.The SMBs have limited financial and human resources, limited experience in project management and sometimes limited managerial competencies which determines the agility of their operations. Problem Statement Implementing ERP, projects require specialized application because they affect the receiving organization to di fferent degrees. In implementing an ERP, solution divisions and departments in spite of appearance an organization have to be co-ordinated into a single business platform, which affects the business model and the organization culture (Markus and Tanis, 2000).This makes the project risky and intricate. out-of-pocket to global business factors, economic expansion and IT revolution ERP solutions are becoming a requirement for business success. SMBs being key players in the economic activity are not left out in this competition. However, the process and success stories of ERP solutions in SMBs is lacking as past studies mainly focused on the large scale enterprises ERP solution process and application.In addition, the present trend of ERP solution project implementation by SMBs in the diverse business sectors and industries calls for the exploration of the opportunities and challenges of Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs to pave way for the identification of slipway of avoi ding or minimizing losses in the implementation process (Soh et al, 2000). SMBs organization structures and organizational cultures are not all well defined. This coupled with the rigidity of the organization structure and culture present serious challenges to the implementation of ERP projects in SMBs.Additionally ERP projects are more successful in easy to change and agile organizations. However, unlike in large companies, the senior management team of the SMBs is normally part of the daily business operations and lacks in-depth knowledge and skills necessary to have organized long-term plans for the business and even the adoption of ERP solution projects. Similarly showtime capital base and lack of properly trained personnel have remained a major change of mind in the running of the functions of SMBs. This problem is compounded by lack of sufficient funds to sustain instruct and engage quality consultants in such trainings.According to Sandoe et al (2001) many SMBs lack dedica ted IT ply able to perform the risk management function exposing major business operations to unnecessary risks. Likewise, within internal functions of a SMB, organizational changes that would give room for adoption of technology are limited due to lack of unused resources. The impact of unsuccessful implementation of ERP solution to a SMB are said to be greater to the entire operations of the business enterprise while the success of wisely implemented ERP system will have a whole organizational positive impact (Rao 2000).

The Internet And The Democratic Process Essay Example for Free

The profit And The republi behind Process EssayThe meshwork has literally revolutionized the way we live, radically changing the way we sop up and disseminate information. It has had dramatic effects on business, education, and society in general, entirely the focus of this paper leave be on how the meshing has affected the antiauthoritarian process of election. In recent years, the way campaigns brace been run by candidates has changed dramatically, as they return had to shift a large percentage of their resources and attention to the cyberspace and its umpteen venues for reaching potential voters. Beyond campaigning, however, the Internet has also affected the way people vote. well(p) as how the Internet helps consumers decide on product choice, it has also aided semipolitical aspirants to market their credentials, and at the same time, help the voters know much well-nigh the candidates. During the 1994 mid-term elections, thousands of voters preferred the electro nic mail as the fomite for asking questions from candidates than television appearances which were often dependent on sound bites, and did non comprehensively present the positions of the candidates on important issues. Special interest groups have also joined the campaign by providing online information about candidates such as the League of Women Voters and the California Online Voter Guide (Tapscott, 1999).In 2000, the role of the Internet in politics was elevated to a higher and more serious level when it was used in the democratic presidential primary in Arizona. During this primary, al some half of the voters cast their votes by the Internet (Weare, 2002). They were the first land in our country (and this was 8 years ago now) to implement what is called e- vote, which was intended to simplify the voting process, make it easier for votes to be cast from anywhere where there is an Internet connection. The implications are staggering, as e-voting would result in many votes be ing cast that previously would non have been, simply because so many people did non take the time to actually make their way to the canvas.Apart from increasing participation in the most important democratic process, which is the elections, the Internet may also decrease the cost of political transaction not only on the part of the voters but also on the part of the politicians. Specifically, election campaign with the Internet can prove to be less costly in a state-wide or nation-wide campaign, and veritable(a) more effective in terms of getting the politicians message across to the voting public since discussions are open and there are no constraints in providing campaign information through e-mails. True enough, the Internet also allows for more simplified communication between the people and their representatives.According to the substance for Governmental Studies, an organization that researches ways to improve government, the Internet can revitalize American democracy b y encouraging two-way communications from candidate to candidate, from voter to candidate, and from voter to voter (Shane, 2004). It is also interesting to take note that Internet can also be used in generating campaign funds. For instance, Howard Dean became a frontrunner during the 2004 Democratic primaries due to the millions he was able to raise through an e-mail campaign (Wheeler, 2004).Equally important in a meaningful democracy is the freedom of the people to articulate their interests and opinions, that is made possible by the tender forums on the Internet that provide places for political discussions and debates. in that location are literally millions of sites, discussion boards, and forums that are intermediate by the people themselves for the purpose of disseminating information and contributing to the discussion of political issues (Saco, 2002). Because there is no counseling or control, like there is with the media, we see a wider range of opinions being expressed . Yes, there is more ignorance, but there is also more opportunity to be heard, and there is less fear that an underlying slash is behind the source of every message.Essentially, the Internet has become a place of extremely open communication where millions of people are now going to get their information about politics and the election process. This openness has become the new driving force behind our democracy, and todays presidential hopefuls have surely taken notice of this, using the Internet to their advantage as often as they can. In a YouGov America Survey of 3,500 internet users a week before the 2004 presidential elections, it was noted that about 12% of Americans who had internet access sent an e-mail on the elections, voters under the age of 24 trusted online media than the television, and until now senior voters actively visited political websites or weblogs by politicians (Wheeler, 2004).Interestingly, there are many who are more conservative and skeptical about t he impact of the Internet on democratic processess. For example, there is supposedly a cultural divide between the people who use the Internet and those who do not, as some can afford it and some cannot. Essentially, it is argued that there is an Internet class, and a non-Internet class of U.S. citizens so what happens on the Internet is not a true representation of the countrys collective opinions and people (Shane, 2004). However in an innovative economy wherein the Internet becomes a public good, this argument may no longer be tenable.There is also a question about the authenticity of the communication process because we can never be sure if we are dealing with genuine people or with those who are only taking advantage of the anonymity in the Internet. Users should also be cautious about the authenticity of the information that is also effectuate in the Internet, because, being too open, it had also been used to propagate lies, unhealthy propaganda and misinformation. Poll sur veys have also become an instant and daily occurrence in the internet which was supposed to represent opinions on certain issues, even though there are not enough checks on the authenticity of the voter. Still, these polls are being used to shape public opinion.Though it is true that the Internet can be easily be subjected to abuse, what is important is that through this media, more political preferences are being articulated by the people and the people have access to the political information that they need it is only up to their political wisdom how to make this technology more beneficial to them.ReferencesSaco, D. (2002). Cybering majority rule Public Space and the Internet. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press.Shane, P. M. (Ed.). (2004). Democracy Online The Prospects for Political Renewal through the Internet. New York Routledge.Tapscott, Don. (1999). The Digital Economy Promise and Peril in the board of Networked Intelligence. The Industrial Age Democracy by the Allian ce for Converging Technologies. Accessed at http//www.virtualitaet.de/stadt/internet/indage_bureaucracy on 03/03/2008.Weare, C. (2002). The Internet and Democracy The Causal Links between Technology and Politics. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(5), 659+.Wheeler, Bryan. (2004, August 12). The Internet and Elections. BBC News Online. Accessed at http//newsvote.bbc.co.uk on 03/03/2008.

Development through life stages Essay Example for Free

Development by dint of intent stages EssayDiscuss the character- erect debate in relation to the festering of the individual (M1) Evaluate how nature and nurture whitethorn affect the physical, intellectual, delirious and fond learning of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature bum be loosely defined as catching inheritance or the genetic makeup (the education encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from some(prenominal) p atomic number 18nts at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual genetically inherits include ranging from gender, eye colour, risks for legitimate diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to bio system of logically patrimonial tendencies and abilities that pack take a shit and which whitethorn get revealed later on as they grow up. kindle deal be defined as the different environsal factors to which a person is subjected from birth t o death. in that location argon more environmental factors. They include two physical environments and neighborly environments. Some theorists bank that people be invite as they do according to genetic predispositions or even because of animal instincts. This is known as the nature theory of valet behaviour. Other theorists believe that people think and behave in certain(prenominal) modalitys because they ar taught to do so.This is known as the nurture theory of human behaviour. (www.yourenglish littleons.wordpress.com) Nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and tendencies that influence development. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually e trulyone. All children have a aim of universal human genes that, when coupled with a reasonable environment, permit them to develop as reasonably capable members of the human species. Inherited characteristics and tendencies are non always evident at birth. Many physical features start gradually through the process of maturation, the genetically guided changes that occur over the course of development. Environmental support, and antiphonal care from others, is necessary for maturation to take place. Childrens experiences in the environment affect all aspects of their existence, for pil small-scale slip the health of their bodies or the curiosity of their minds. sustain affects childrens development in many ways.With good environmental support, children thrive. Unfortunately, the conditions of nurture are not always nurturing. For example, children who grow up in an abusive family must go steady outside the family for stable, affectionate care. It is known that your genetics determine what you get out look like and even your height. however your heightand looks finish be changed if a person doesnt eat properly or are in an accident. People can become anorexic, obese, anaemic etc. And all of these can affect how a person looks and their height. If a child is malnourished the n this can cause their growth to deteriorate and they may develop problems like rickets. By looking at adoption studies it is shown that indistinguishable twins share standardized news show service whether they are brought up together or not. With this data we can make an argument that genetics has a greater influence in the intelligence of identical twins as well as the environment. Your IQ which is determined by your genes can similarly be affected by the environment somewhat an individual. If a person has not got as good school opportunities as another person with the same(p) determined IQ, if they perhaps cannot go to a good as school as them or if their teachers are not as good as the other then theyre IQ willing not be as developed as the other person which means that nurture excessively plays a spell in a persons IQ. (www.boundless.com)However in recent historic period on that point has been a growing realization that the disbelief of how much behaviour is due to h eredity and how much to environment may itself be the wrong question. Take intelligence as an example. Like almost all types of human behaviour it is a complex, many-sided phenomenon which reveals itself (or not) in a great variety of ways. The how much question assumes that the variables can all be expressed numerically and that the issue can be resolved in a quantitative manner. The reality is that nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways. (McLeod 2007) Nature vs. nurture could refer to really talented people. One reason given for their being so gifted at learning and acquiring information might be that its in their genes. They have really intelligent parents a utmost IQ i.e. their genetic makeup has enabled them to be intelligent. And likewise, you might show the opposite for very unintelligent people. (Nature) Whereas some people might argue that its how that person is raised. The childs parents gave him all kinds of means to learn with, or encour aged his education from an early age, etc.The less intelligent childs parents, on the other hand, kicked him outside all day, kept him from school, called him stupid, etc. ( harbor) In my opinion, both nature and nurture have an effect on the development of an individual. Having read both sides, I in person believe that thence nature does have a substantial equal on the holistic development of theindividual. In my opinion, our personalities are related to our genetics. I have a very similar temperament to my father, which supports my view. My sis on the other hand, has a temperament which is very similar to my mums. Also, I believe that our intelligence is genetically driven. Some people are graphicly more intelligent than others and this cannot be disputed. Of course, nurture with regards to intelligence and temper is also of the essence(predicate). If a child experiences a lack of support with their education, they may not cause to the best of their ability. With that being said however, the level of support that the child receives does not really alter their inbred ability. Also, an individual may suffer a negative experience in their upbringing.This may consequent in their development being altered or different. Peer pressure also exists and therefore we must direct all of these extra factors regarding the development of individuals. Researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrid, D. (1967) child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs, 75, 43-88).Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting disciplinary strategies, passion and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these d imensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. plainly research by Maccoby also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby, E.E. (1992). The role of parents in the culture of children An historical overview. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017) The four parenting styles areAuthoritarian parenting in this style of parenting, children are expected to embrace the strict rules evidenceed by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents intermit to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, because I said so. These parents have high demands, however are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles generallylead to children who are obedient and proficient, barely they rank lower happiness, social competence and self-esteem. Authoritative parenting like authoritarian parents, those w ith an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to get wind to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992.)Permissive parenting bailable parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour, ply considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (1991). Permissive parents are general ly nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more seeming to experience problems with authority and tend to perform seedy in school. Uninvolved parenting An uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. enchantment these parents fulfil the childs basic needs, they are generally detached from their childs life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Uninvolved parenting styles rank final across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. It is extremely important for a parent to demonstrate good parenting skills. How parents interact with their child affects their development in a significant way. How a child is br ought up could affect the childs social skills, they could turn out to be too shy, suffer anxiety, get nervous around people or even become mute depending on their situations at home. If a child is bought up in a home with violence, they could grow up thinking that it is the normal thing to do. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a very stable and loving household, this couldenable them to be happier and enjoy life more and this could also help bring out their personality and feelings. I believe that this suggests that a persons personality does take an effect on how they deal with their environmental surroundings and the person that they will grow to become. Nurture can significantly restore an adults activated and social development.If someone was treated gravely as a child, this may reflect on their personality and behaviour as an adult. The individual may be withdrawn and depressed. This could be caused by the negative experiences they had in their childhood. Also, if an a dult is obese it may be as a result of nurture. If a child is brought up being allowed to eat nothing but junk food, they will consider this type of eating as normal. As a result of this, nurture has a significant extend to on the physical development of a child and indeed an adult, with regards to obesity. We could argue however, that obesity is genetic and that is where nature is to blame. In a study that included more than 5,000 identical and non-identical twin pairs, researchers found heredity to be a much bigger predictor of childhood obesity than lifestyle. They concluded that three-quarters of a childs risk for becoming overweight is due to genetic influences, while just downstairs a quarter of risk can be attributed to environment.Either way, both nature and nurture can have an impact on the physical development of an individual. (www.webmd.co.uk) I believe that if a child has openhanded up in a rough area then it will be more likely that they might get into trouble with the police, in school etc. This may be because they have seen erstwhile(a) children or maybe even adults do something they shouldnt and this influences them to do the same. Drink and drugs may influence asocial behaviour. If antisocial behaviour is seen as normal you may end up repeating the cycle. However, it is the parents responsibility to make sure that their child is safe. Therefore, I believe that environmental factors can change how a child behaves depending for example on where they live and what kind of people they are exposed to. I personally do not believe there is a correct answer to this debate. There is no way to prove how much influence each has in forming who we are, so we have to rely on logic and research that has been conducted regarding the issue.But each side has different interpretations of what evidence is available. I do believe however, that both nature and nurture play a significant part in our personal development but I believethat they are equally as im portant, there is no better theory. I believe that you are born with certain genetic traits and predispositions which influence how you react to your environment. Your environment shapes the person you are because it presents you with choices, challenges, and opportunities. Your genetic traits provide you with strengths and weaknesses. It is how you utilize those strengths to overcome the challenges, and take advantage of the opportunities, and of course the choices that you make that ultimately make you who you are. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 5 years old? Nature has a significant impact on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of Miya. During this stage of childhood, Miya will be going through a period of growth. Miyas physical development will be determined by her genes and this cannot be controlled.Growth is pre-determined by nature and therefore, it cannot be changed or stopped. Nurture also has a significant impact on Miyas holistic development during this stage of her life. Parenting has a huge impact on her intellectual, emotional and social development. If Miya is fed a lot of junk food by her parents, then nurture would be responsible for her becoming overweight. Unless Miya is genetically programmed to become overweight, this would be at the fault of her parents for allowing her to eat too many unhealthy foods, and not providing her with a balanced diet. Also, nurture will impact significantly on Miyas intellectual development. If she is encouraged to complete her homework e.g. by doing reading or simple maths with her parents, Miya will benefit intellectually. Also, if Miyas parents did not take the time to do these activities with Miya her intellectual development may negatively be affected by nurture. In terms of emotional and social development, nurture is significantly important at this stage of Miyas life.If Miya is shown love, she will feel emotionally secure and accepted by her parents. Mi ya will be able to trust her parents and will expect affection and love from others if she is used to getting that at home. On the other hand however, if Miya experiences abuse from her parents, this can have devastating consequences on her emotional and social development both at this stage in her life and in the future. If Miya experiences abuse, she may have problems swear people and this could continue on to her adulthood. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 14 years old? Nature/ Nurture have asignificant impact on Miyas physical, intellectual, emotional and social development during this stage of the lifespan. In terms of her physical development, Miya will be going through puberty during this stage of her life. Puberty is controlled by nature. Puberty is genetically programmed, Miya cannot change that puberty will ascertain as it is determined by nature the individual cannot change that it will eventually occur. Nature also affects Miyas intellectual de velopment. Miya will have a specific IQ which will determine her natural intelligence. Of course, through nurture, Miya can make the most of her IQ e.g. by encouragement to study, parents providing resources etc. but, her IQ cannot actually be changed as it is determined by nature.Miyas IQ will be developed by nature, but it will be supported through the nurture she receives in her life. For example, by her parents and teachers supporting her to come upon her best possible outcomes in school. Nurture will have a major impact on the emotional and social development of Miya. During this time, peer pressure and the influence of her friends will be huge. As a result of peer pressure, Miya may engage in activities that she otherwise may not have considered (drinking, drugs etc.) With regards to her development, this may have a negative impact as Miya will most likely not be truly happy with the decisions she makes. The internet and social media will also have a significant impact on the development of Miya both socially and emotionally. Facebook will be a very important part of Miyas life as she will want to keep in contact with friends by victimisation this social networking site. If Miya uses Facebook correctly, it could be a positive experience.However, sometimes Facebook can result in bullying which could negatively impact on her social and emotional development at this point in her life. Nurture can also have an impact on the type of friends Miya may have. If Miyas parents are strict, they may remove who she is allowed to/ not allowed to be friends with. This will affect Miyas emotional and social development. If Miya is not allowed to socialise with certain people, she may become upset with the decisions her parents have made for her.Miya may rebel against her parents if she feels she hasnt got enough freedom. If her parents are too strict, she may withdraw from talking to them as she might feel they will judge her. As a result of this, Miya may not discus s concerns/worries she has and this could have a very negative impact on her emotional development. On the other handhowever, if Miyas parents set reasonable boundaries the relationship may be better. Miya may feel more comfortable talking to her parents if they are not too strict. Also, Miya may be happier socially too. If she is allowed to socialise with who she wants, she will not feel the need to rebel against the restrictions that her parents create.ReferencesMcLeod, S. A. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html (accessed 17/11/14) https//www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/intelligence-11/measuring-intelligence-62/genetic-and-environmental-impacts-on-intelligence-243-12778/) (accessed 19/11/14) http//yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/nature-vs-nurture-are-we-really-born-that-way/ (accessed 19/11/14) http//www.webmd.co.uk/children/news/20080211/nature-trumps-nurture-in-ch ild-obesity (accessed 24/11/14)